Scale insects small piercing-sucking pests

Spots on the leaves of plants in the home landscape can be an indication of a hazardous condition for commonly used shrubs. Armored scale is a class of insect pest found on many plants used in Franklin and Gulf counties.

Scale insects are a diverse group of piercing-sucking pests (Hemiptera) commonly found on ornamental plants in landscapes and nurseries. They are small, inconspicuous insects which use hair-like mouthparts to remove and consume plant sap from leaves or branches.

There are over 180 species of scale insects in Florida, but only a small percentage are important pests of ornamental plants. These insects can secrete a waxy covering that protects them from the environment and most chemical control measures.

There are several families of scale insects, but they are usually divided into two main categories, armored or soft. Identifying the category is important because their biology differs, and so does their control.

Armored scale insects feed on the contents of cells just under the surface of leaves and bark and excrete their waste to form a protective cover. This cover can be removed to reveal the soft-bodied insect feeding beneath.

Once female armored scales begin to feed on a host plant, they will remain immobile in that location for the remainder of their life. Even after death, the scale insect’s protective cover can remain on the plant for several years.

Armored scales are the most diverse group of scale insects in Florida with over 130 species. By comparison, there are only about 40 soft scale insect species in the state.

Soft scales differ from armored scales in a few important ways. The waxy cover of soft scales is not separate from the insect’s body and cannot be removed.

Unlike armored scales, female soft scales are mobile during every life stage until they begin to produce eggs. Soft scales feed on the phloem vascular tissue of plants which transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis. Honeydew, a sticky amber colored fluid, is excreted as waste.

Most scale insect pests have a number of prey species which help control their populations. Among these are parasitoid wasps, ladybugs, lacewings, and others.

To improve the potential of biological control insects being effective, provide habitat for these natural enemies, and increase the amount and diversity of plants in the landscape. Still successful biological control in home landscapes is difficult.

While there are a number of scale insecticides on the market, a simpler more cost-effective solution is available. Horticultural oils and dormant oils kill these insects by smothering them and breaking down their cell membranes.

Horticultural oils can also penetrate the scale’s protective covers. These products can be applied now to kill overwintering scales. Of course, always follow label instructions to avoid damaging plant tissue or the creation of other problems.

The deceased scale insect’s residue may last longer than spring’s cool mornings in panhandle Florida, but the shrubs will flourish far better without the tiny insect living under its shield.

To learn more about this landscape problem Franklin and Gulf counties, contact the nearest UF/IFAS County Extension Office or visit https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/find-your-local-office/. To read more stories by Les Harrison, visit Outdoorauthor.com and follow me on Facebook.